goldand
thesilverofcathayandzipanguthedisposaloftheirstajesties
alas,luusneverknehetruthtoheend
ofhislife,onhisfourthvoyage,ainland
ofsoutharica,heyhavesuspectedthatallwasnotbelief
thatthereinentbetweeneuropeandasia
andthathehadfoundthedirectroutetochina
anheportuguese,stickingtotheireasteroute,hadbeenrefortunateintheyear1498,vasdagahadbeenabletoreaalabarandretusafely
tolisbonhacargoofspiceintheyear1502hehadrepeatedthevisitbutalongtheeroute,theworkofexplorationhadbeenstdisappointingin1497and1498johnandsebastiancabothadtriedtofindapassagetojapanbuttheyhadseennothingbutthesnosandthe
rocksofnebeensightedbythe
northn,fiveerigovespucci,aflorentine
ethepilotjorofspain,andwhogavehis
natooutinent,hadexploredtheastofbrazil,buthadfoundnotatraceoftheindies
intheyear1513,sevenyearsafterthedeathofluus,thetruthatlastbegantodahegeographersof
europevasnunezdebalboahadusof
pana,hadcliedthefauspeakindarien,andhadlookeddoedto
suggesttheexistenceofanotherocean
finallyintheyear1519afleetoffivesllspanishshipsundedoftheportuguesenavigator,ferdinanddegellan,sailedeasthatroute,
elyinthehandsoftheportuguesewhoallowednopetitioninsearagellancrossed
theatlanticbethward
hereachedanarroostpoint
ofpatagonia,the``landofthepeoplehthebigfeet,andthefireislandsonadonacuntofafire,theonlysignoftheexistenceofnatives,hesailorschedonenightforalstfiveercy
oftheterriblestorandblizzardsthroughthestraitsatinybrokeoutangthesailorsgellansuppressediten
onshoreheytorepentoftheirsinsatleisure
atlastthestorquieteddohechannelbroadened,andgellanenteredanesand
placidhecalleditthepeacefulsea,therepacifithenhentinuedinaedirectionhesailedfor
niyeightdaysost
perishedfroungerandthirstandatetheratsthatinfestedtheships,andheseheycheesof
sailtostilltheirgnawinghunger
inrchoftheyear1521theysaagellancalled
itthelandoftheladroneseansrobbersbecausethenativesstoleeverythingtheyuldlayhandsonthenfurtherothespiceislands
againlandagellan
calledthehephilippines,afterphilip,thesonofhissterery
atfirstgellanwhenheused
thegunsofhisshipstokechristiannvertshewaskilledbytheaborigines,togetherberofhiscaptainsandsailorsthesurvivorsbuedoneofthethreereiningshipsandntinuedtheirvoyagetheyfoundtheluccas,thefausspiceislands;theysightedboeoandreachedtidorthere,oneofthetooleakytobeoffurtheruse,reinedbehindhhercretoria,undersebastiandelissedseeingthe
northeastofaustraliadisvereduntil
thefirsthalfoftheseventeenthcenturyhe
dutcheastindiapanyexploredthisflatandinhospitableland,andaftergreathardshipsreachedspainthisostnotableofallvoyagesithadtaken
threeyearsithadbeenacplishedatagreatstbothofnandneybutithadestablishedthefactthattheearthbuswere
notapartoftheindiesbutaseparatentinentfrohattion,spainandportugaldevotedalltheirenergiestothedevelopntoftheirindianandaricantradetopreventanardnflictbetherivals,popealexandervitheonlyavoostholy
officehadobliginglydividedtheots
byalineofdercationhe50thdegreeof
longitudeofgreenhesocalleddivisionoftordesillasof1494theportugueseoestablishtheirloniestotheeastofthisline,thespaniardsohavetheirstotheerican
ntinentespanishand
thatalloftheindiesandstofafricabecaportugueseuntiltheenglishandthedutchlonists
forpapaldecisionstookthesepossessionsaheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies
he
rialtoofvenice,theiddleages,there
erriblepanicstocksandbondsdown40and50
percentafterashortbus
hadfailedtofindtheroadtocathay,theveianrchantsreveredfroheirfrightbutthevoyagesofdagaandgellanprovedthepracticalpossibilitiesofaneasteerroutetotheindiesthentherulersofgenoaandvenice,thetriddleagesandthe
renaissance,begantobesorrythattheyhadrefusedtolistentoluusbutite
aninlandseatheoverlandtradetotheindiesandchinadoinsignificantproportionstheolddaysofitaliangloryethenew
erceandthereforethecentreofcivilisationithasreinedsoeversince
seehorangelycivilisationhasprogressedsincethoseearlydays,fiftycenturiesbefore,heinhabitantsofthevalleyofthenilebegantokeepatenrerdofhistory,froheriveile,itia,thelandbetween
theriversthencathetuofcreteandgreeceandroaninlandseabecathecentreoftradeandthecitiesalongthediterraneaneofartandscienceand
philosophyandleainginthesixteenthcentur
